The Processing of Compounds in Adult Second Language Learners of English and Turkish

Auteurs

Serkan Uygun
Bahcesehir University, University of Potsdam
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0880-9280

Mots-clés :

L1 morphological processing, L2 morphological processing, English and Turkish compounds, masked priming, psycholinguistics

Résumé

The purpose of this study is to investigate the processing of compound words in English and Turkish with monolingual and sequential bilingual adults with intermediate and advanced level proficiency. The present study includes two different but parallel experiments on compound word recognition, one in English and one in Turkish. By using a masked priming experiment, the processing of English and Turkish compounds by monolingual and sequential bilinguals is examined. The stimuli involve transparent-transparent compounds (e.g., headache; kuzeydoğu ‘northeast’, kuzey ‘north’, doğu ‘east’), partially-opaque compounds (e.g., grapefruit; büyükelçi ‘ambassador’, büyük ‘big’, elçi ‘delegate’), pseudocompounds (e.g., mandate; fesleğen ‘basil’, fes ‘fez’, leğen ‘bowl/pelvis’), and monomorphemic words (e.g., crocodile; kaplumbağa ‘turtle’). The results of the English study demonstrate that English monolinguals decomposed compound words. When semantic transparency of the compound is examined, the findings suggest that both constituents are activated in transparent-transparent compounds whereas only the second constituent is accessed in partially-opaque compounds, indicating the influence of semantic transparency on compound processing. No priming is observed for intermediate level sequential bilinguals, suggesting that they do not employ decomposition. Advanced level sequential bilinguals also employ decomposition for compounds, but semantic transparency plays a crucial role because constituent 1 is accessed in transparent-transparent compounds, yet no priming effect is obtained for partially-opaque compounds, implying dual-route access for English compounds. The Turkish study shows that monolingual Turkish participants recognize compound words on the basis of their constituents (i.e. via decomposition); however, the effect of semantic transparency is also observed in the group. Transparent-transparent compounds are accessed by recognizing the second constituent (i.e. the head of the compound) while both constituents are activated for partially-opaque compounds. In contrast, neither the advanced nor the intermediate-level sequential bilingual groups show native-like processing revealing whole-word access.

Biographie de l'auteur

Serkan Uygun, Bahcesehir University, University of Potsdam

Dr. Serkan Uygun is an academic researcher in the fields of linguistics and psycholinguistics. His research primarily focuses on morphological processing in second language acquisition, the mental lexicon, and bilingualism. 

Références

Alegre, M., & Gordon, P. (1999). Frequency effects and the representational status of regular inflections. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 41-61.

Anderson, S. (1992). A morphous morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Andrews, S. (1986). Morphological influences on lexical access: Lexical or nonlexical effects? Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 726-740.

Andrews, S., Miller, B., & Rayner, K. (2004). Eye movements and morphological segmentation of compound words: There is a mouse in mousetrap. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16, 285-311.

Arcara, G. (2009). Neural correlates of morphological processing: The case of Italian noun-noun compounds. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Padua.

Arcara, G., Marelli, M., Buodo, G., & Mondini, S. (2014). Compound headedness in the mental lexicon: An event-related potential study.

Aslan, E., & Altan, A. (2006). The role of (-s)ı in Turkish indefinite nominal compounds. Dil Dergisi, 131, 57-78.

Babcock, L., Stowe, J. C., Maloof, C. J., Brovetto, C., & Ullman, M. T. (2012). The storage and composition of inflected forms in adult-learned second language: A study of the influence of length of residence, age of arrival, sex and other factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(4), 820-840.

Banguoğlu, T. (1998). Türkçe’nin grameri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.

Basnight-Brown, D. M., Chen, L., Hua, S., Kostić, A., & Feldman, L. B. (2007). Monolingual and bilingual recognition of regular and irregular English verbs: Sensitivity to form similarity varies with first language experience. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 65-80.

Bauer, L. (1983). English word formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bauer, L. (2001). Compounding. In M. Haspelmath, E. König, W. Oesterreicher & W. Raible (Eds.), Language typology and language universals (pp. 695-707). New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Bauer, L. (2006). Compounds and minor word formation types. In B. Aarts & A. McMahon (Eds.), The handbook of English linguistics (pp. 483-506). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Beck, M. L. (1997). Regular verbs, past tense and frequency: Tracking down a potential source of NS/NNS competence differences. Second Language Research, 13(2), 93-115.

Bertram, R., Laine, M., & Karvinen, K. (1999). The interplay of word formation type, affixal homonymy, and productivity in lexical processing: Evidence from a morphologically rich language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28, 213-226.

Bertram, R., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2000). The balance of storage and computation in morphological processing: The role of word formation type, affixal homonymy and productivity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 489-511.

Bertram, R., & Hyönä, J. (2003). The length of a complex word modifies the role of morphological structure: Evidence from eye movements when reading short and long Finnish compounds. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 615-634.

Bertram, R., Pollatsek, A., & Hyönä, J. (2004). Morphological parsing and the use of segmentation cues in reading Finnish compounds. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 325-345.

Bertram, R., & Hyönä, J. (2007). The interplay between parafoveal preview and morphological processing in reading. In R. G. van Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, & R. L. Hill (Eds.), Eye movements: A window on mind and brain (pp. 391-407). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bien, H., Levelt, W. J. M., & Baayen, R. H. (2005). Frequency effects in compound production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 17876-17881.

Birtürk, A. A., & Fong, S. (2001). A modular approach to Turkish noun compounding: The integration of a finite-state model, 6th Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, November 2001.

Bisetto, A., & Scalise, S. (2011). The classification of compounds. In R. Lieber & P. Štekauer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compounding (pp. 49-82). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Booij, G. (2005a). The grammar of words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Booij, G. (2005b). Compounding and derivation: Evidence for construction morphology. In W. U. Dressler, D. Kastovsky, O. E. Pfeiffer & F. Rainer (Eds.), Morphology and its demarcations (pp. 109-132). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Booij, G. (2010). Compounding construction: Schemas or analogy. In S. Scalise & I. Vogel (Eds.), Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding (93-107). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Booij, G. (2011). Construction morphology and compounding. In R. Lieber & P. Štekauer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compounding (pp. 201-216). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Borgwaldt, S., & Lüttenberg, D. (2010). Semantic transparency of compound nouns in native and non-native speakers. Poster presented at the 14th International Morphology Meeting, Budapest.

Brusnighan, S. M., & Folk, J. R. (2012). Combining contextual and morphemic cues is beneficial during incidental vocabulary acquisition: Semantic transparency in novel compound word processing. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(2), 172-190.

Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kučera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 977-990.

Butterworth, B. (1983). Lexical representation. In B. Butterworth (ed.), Language production: Development, writing and other language processes (pp. 257-294). London: Academic Press.

Caramazza, A., Laudanna, A., & Romani, C. (1988). Lexical access and inflectional -morphology. Cognition, 28, 287-332.

Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An introduction to English morphology: Words and their structures. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Clahsen, H., & Neubauer, K. (2010). Morphology, frequency, and the processing of derived words in native and non-native speakers. Lingua, 120, 2627-2637.

Clahsen, H., Felser, C., Neubauer, K., Sato, M., & Silva, R. (2010). Morphological structure in native and non-native language processing. Language Learning, 60, 21-43.

Clahsen, H., Balkhair, L., Schutter, J. S., & Cunnings, I. (2012). The time course of morphological processing in a second language. Second Language Research, 29(1), 7-31.

Conti, S. (2006). Compound adjectives in English. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pisa.

de Almeida, R. G., & Libben, G. (2002). Compound prelexical decomposition: Evidence from a masked priming paradigm. Folia Linguistica, 36, 97-115.

De Cat, C., Klepousniotou, E., & Baayen, R. H. (2014). Electrophysiological correlates of noun-noun compound processing by non-native speakers of English. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Compound Analysis, 41-52.

De Cat, C., Klepousniotou, E., & Baayen, R. H. (2015). Representational deficit or processing effect? An electrophysiological study of noun-noun compound processing by very advanced L2 speakers of English. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 77.

Dede, M. A. (1978). A syntactic and semantic analysis of Turkish nominal compounds. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Michigan.

Delahunty, G. P., & Garvey, J. J. (2010). The English language: From sound to sense. Colorado, USA: The WAC Clearinghouse.

Diependaele, K., Sandra, D., & Grainger, J. (2005). Masked cross-modal morphological priming: Unravelling morpho-orthographic and morpho-semantic influences in early word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20(1-2), 75-114.

Diependaele, K., Duñabeitia, J. A., Morris, J., & Keuleers, E. (2011). Fast morphological effects in first and second language word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 64, 344-358.

Doğan, F. Ş. (2013). Comprehension of compound nouns by Turkish speaking pre-school children. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8/12, 403-414.

Dohmes, P., Zwitserlood, P., & Bölte, J. (2004). The impact of semantic transparency of morphologically complex words on picture naming. Brain and Language, 90, 203-212.

Dressler, W. U. (2005). Word formation in natural morphology. In P. Štekauer & R. Lieber (Eds.), Handbook of word-formation (pp. 267-284). Dordrecht: Springer.

Dressler, W. U. (2006). Compound types. In G. Libben & G. Jarema (Eds.), The representation and processing of compound word (pp. 23-44). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Drieghe, D., Pollatsek, A., Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2010). Parafoveal processing during reading is reduced across a morphological boundry. Cognition, 116(1), 136-142.

Duñabeitia, J. A., Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (2007). The role of the frequency of constituents in compound words: Evidence from Basque and Spanish. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(6), 1171-1176.

Duñabeitia, J. A., Laka, I., Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (2009). Is Milkman a super-hero like Batman? Constituent morphological priming in compound words. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21, 615-640.

El-Bialy, R., Gagné, C. L., & Spalding, T. L. (2013). Processing of English compounds is sensitive to the constituents’ semantic transparency. The Mental Lexicon, 8(1), 75-95.

El Yagoubi, R., Chiarelli, V., Mondini, S., Perrone, G., Danieli, M., & Semenza, C. (2008). Neural correlates of Italian nominal compounds and potential impact of headedness effect: An ERP study. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25, 559-581.

Ellis, N. (1994). Implicit and explicit learning of languages. London: Academic Press.

Fabb, N. (2001). Compounding. In A. Spencer & A. Zwicky (Eds.), The handbook of morphology (pp. 66-83). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Feldman, L. B. (2000). Are morphological effects distinguishable from the effects of shared meaning and shared form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 26, 1431-1444.

Feldman, L. B., & Soltano, E. G. (1999). Morphological priming: The role of prime duration, semantic transparency and affix position. Brain and Language, 60, 33-39.

Feldman, L. B., O’Connor, P. A., & Moscoso del Prado Martin, F. (2009). Early morphological processing is morphosemantic and not simply morpho-orthographic: A violation of form-then-meaning accounts of word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(4), 684-691.

Feldman, L. B., Kostić, A., Basnight-Brown, D. M., Filipović-Durdević, D., & Pastizzo, M. J. (2010). Morphological facilitation for regular and irregular verb formations in native and non-native speakers: Little evidence for two distinct mechanisms. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 119-135.

Fiorentino, R. (2006). Lexical structure and the nature of linguistic representations. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland.

Fiorentino, R., & Poeppel, D. (2007). Compound words and structure in the lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(7), 953-1000.

Fiorentino, R., Naito-Billen, Y., Bost, J., & Fund-Reznicek, E. (2014). Electrophysiological evidence for the morpheme-based combinatoric processing of English compounds. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 31(1-2), 123-146.

Forster, K. I., & Davis, C. (1984). Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 680-698.

Forster, K. I., Mohan, K., & Hector, J. (2003). The mechanics of masked priming. In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp. 241-278). NewYork: Psychology Press.

Frisson, S., Niswander-Klement, E., & Pollatsek, A. (2008). The role of semantic transparency in the processing of English compound words. British Journal of Psychology. 99, 87-107.

Gacan, P. (2014). The morphological processing of derived words in L1 Turkish and L2 English. Unpublished MA Thesis. Middle East Technical University.

Gagné, C. L. (2011). Psycholinguistic perspectives. In R. Lieber & P. Štekauer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compounding (pp. 407-430). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2000). Effects of prime word frequency and cumulative root frequency in masked morphological priming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4/5), 421-444.

Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2001). Priming complex words: Evidence for supralexical representation of morphology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(1), 127-131.

Gomez, G. E. R. (2009). The role of morphological awareness in bilingual children’s first and second language vocabulary and reading. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Toronto.

Gor, K. (2010). Introduction: Beyond the obvious: Do second language learners process inflectional morphology? Language Learning, 60(1), 1-20.

Goral, M., Libben, G., Obler, L. K., Jarema, G., & Ohayon, K. (2008). Lexical attrition in younger and older bilingual adults. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22(7), 509-522.

Göksel, A. (2009). Compounds in Turkish. Lingue e Linguaggio, 2, 213-236.

Göksel, A., & Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. New York: Routledge.

Göksel, A., & Haznedar, B. (2007). Remarks on compounding in Turkish. Retrieved from: http://componet.sslmit.unibo.it/download/remarks/TR.pdf

Gumnior, H. (2008). The representation of morphologically complex words. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Münster.

Gürel, A. (1999). Decomposition: To what extent? The case of Turkish. Brain and Language, 68, 218-224.

Gürel, A., & Uygun, S. (2013). Representation of multimorphemic words in the mental lexicon: Implications for second language acquisition of morphology. In S. Baiz, N. Goldman & R. Hawkes (Eds.), Proceedings of the 37th annual conference on language development (pp. 122-133). Somerville: Cascadilla Press.

Hahne, A., Mueller, J., & Clahsen, C. (2006). Morphological processing in a second language: Behavioural and event-related brain potential evidence for storage and decomposition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 121-134.

Häikiö, T. (2011). Reading development during elementary school years: Evidence from eye movements. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Turku.

Häikiö, T., Bertram, R., & Hyönä, J. (2011). The development of whole-word representations in compound word processing: Evidence from eye fixation patterns of elementary school children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 533-551.

Harmer, J. (1991). The Practice of English Language Teaching. New York: Longman.

Holle, H., Gunter, T. C., & Koester, D. (2010). The time course of lexical access in morphologically complex words. NeuroReport, 21(5), 319-323.

Hyönä, J. (2012). The role of visual acuity and segmentation cues in compound word identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 188.

Hyönä, J., & Pollatsek, A. (1998). Reading Finnish compound words: Eye fixations are affected by component morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24(6), 1612-1627.

Hyönä, J., & Pollatsek, A. (2000). Processing of Finnish compound words in reading. In A. Kennedy, R. Radach, D. Heller, & J. Pynte (Eds.), Reading as a perceptual process (pp. 65–88). New York: Elsevier.

Inhoff, A. W., Briihl, D., & Schwartz, J. (1996). Compound word effects differ in reading, on-line naming, and delayed naming tasks. Memory and Cognition, 24(4), 466-476.

Inhoff, A. W., Starr, M. S., Solomon, M., & Placke, L. (2008). Eye movements during the reading of compound words and the influence of lexeme meaning. Memory and Cognition, 36(3), 675-687.

Isel, F., Gunter, T. C., & Friederici, A. D. (2003). Prosody-assisted head-driven access to spoken German compounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 277-288.

Jacob, G., Fleischhauer, E., & Clahsen, H. (2013). Allomorphy and affixation in morphological processing: A cross-modal priming study with late bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(4), 924-933.

Janssen, N., Pajtas, P. E., & Caramazza, A. (2014). Task influences on the production and comprehension of compound words. Memory and Cognition, 42(5), 780-793.

Jarema, G. (2006). Compound representation and processing: A cross-language perspective. In G. Libben & G. Jarema (Eds.), The representation and processing of compound words (pp. 45-70). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jarema, G., Busson, C., Nikolova, R., Tsapkini, K., & Libben, G. (1999). Processing compounds: A cross-linguistic study. Brain and Language, 68, 362-369.

Järvikivi, J., Bertram, R., & Niemi, R. (2006). Affixal salience and the processing of derivational morphology: The role of suffix allomorphy. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21, 394-431.

Ji, H. (2008). The influence of morphological complexity on word processing. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Alberta.

Ji, H., Gagné, C. L., & Spalding, T. L. (2011). Benefits and costs of lexical decomposition and semantic integration during the processing of transparent and opaque English compounds. Journal of Memory and Language, 65,406-430.

Juhasz, B. J. (2006). Effects of word length and sentence context on compound word recognition: An eye movement investigation. Dissertation Abstracts International, 67(4-B), 2252B. (UMI No. 3215917).

Juhasz, B. J. (2007). The influence of semantic transparency on eye movements during English compound word recognition. In R. G. van Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, & R. L. Hill (Eds.), Eye movements: A window on mind and brain, (pp. 373-389). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Juhasz, B. J., Starr, M. S., Inhoff, A. W., & Placke, L. (2003). The effects of morphology on the processing of compound words: evidence from naming, lexical decisions and eye fixations. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 223-244.

Juhasz, B. J., & Berkowitz, R. N. (2011). Effects of morphological families on English compound word recognition: A multitask investigation. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(4/5/6), 653-682.

Juhasz, B. J., Pollatsek, A., Hyönä, J., Drieghe, D., & Rayner, K. (2009). Parafoveal processing within and between words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(7), 1356-1376.

Karacaoğlu, M. Ö. (2010). Birleşik kelimelerin yazımı. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Marmara University.

Katamba, F. (1994). English words. London: Routledge.

Katz, L., Rexer, K., & Lukatela, G. (1991). The processing of inflected words. Psychological Research, 53, 25-32.

Kehayia, E., Jarema, G., Tsapkini, K., Perlak, D., Ralli, A., & Kadzielawa, D. (1999). The role of morphological structure in the processing of compounds: The interface between linguistics and psycholinguistics. Brain and Language, 68, 370-377.

Kırkıcı, B. (2007). The mental processing of L2 English lexical compounds: A developmental dual-mechanism account. EUROSLA Yearbook 7, 7-25.

Kırkıcı, B., & Clahsen, H. (2013). Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing: Masked priming experiments on Turkish. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 776-791.

Ko, Y. (2011). Processing of compound words by adult Korean-English bilinguals. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland.

Ko, Y., Wang, M., & Kim, S. Y. (2011). Bilingual reading of compound words. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 40, 49-73.

Koester, D., Gunter, T. C., Wagner, S., & Friederici, A. D. (2004). Morphosyntax, prosody and linking elements: The auditory processing of German nominal compounds. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(9), 1647-1668.

Koester, D., Gunter, T. C., & Wagner, S. (2007). The morphosyntactic decomposition and semantic composition of German compound words investigated by ERPs. Brain and Language, 102, 64-79.

Koester, D., & Schiller, N. O. (2008). Morphological priming in overt language production: Electrophysiological evidence from Dutch. NeuroImage, 42, 1622-1630.

Koester, D., Holle, H., & Gunter, T. C. (2009). Electrophysiological evidence for incremental lexical-semantic integration in auditory compound comprehension. Neuropsychologia, 47, 1854-1864.

Koester, D., & Schiller, N. O. (2011). The functional neuroanatomy of morphology in language production. NeuroImage, 55, 732-741.

Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. London: Routledge.

Kunduracı, A. (2013). Turkish noun-noun compounds: A process-based paradigmatic account.Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Calgary.

Kuperman, V., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2008). Morphological dynamics in compound processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(7-8), 1089-1132.

Kuperman, V., Schreuder, R., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2009). Reading polymorphemic Dutch compounds: Toward a multiple route model of lexical processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35, 876-895.

Lacruz, I. (2005). Morphology in visual word recognition. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Kent State University.

Laine, M., Niemi, J., Koivuselkä-Sallinen, P., Ahlsén, E., & Hyönä, J. (1994). A neurolinguistic analysis of morphological deficits in a Finnish-Swedish bilingual aphasic. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 8, 177-200.

Laine, M., Vainio, S., & Hyönä, J. (1999). Lexical access routes to nouns in a morphologically rich language. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 109-135.

Lehtonen, M., & Laine, M. (2003). How word frequency affects morphological processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(3), 213-225.

Lehtonen, M., Hultén, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Cunillera, T., Tuomainen, J., & Laine, M. (2012). Differences in word recognition between early bilinguals and monolinguals: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia, 50, 1362-1371.

Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., Schriefers, H., Baayen, H. R., Grainger, J., & Zwitserlood, P. (2008). Native language influences on word recognition in a second language: A mega study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 34, 12-31.

Lemhöfer, K., Koester, D., & Schreuder, R. (2011). When bicycle pump is harder to read than bicycle bell: Effects of parsing cues in first and second language compound reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 364-370.

Lewis, G. L. (1967). Turkish grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Li, M., Jiang, N., & Gor, K. (2015). L1 and L2 processing of compound words: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, Available on CJO 2015 doi:10.1017/S1366728915000681

Libben, G. (1994). How is morphological decomposition achieved? Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 369-391.

Libben, G. (1998). Semantic transparency in the processing of compounds: Consequence for representation, processing and impairment. Brain and Language, 61, 30-44.

Libben, G. (2005). Everything is psycholinguistics: Material and methodological considerations in the study of compound processing. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 50(1/2/3/4), 267-283.

Libben, G. (2006). Why study compound processing? An overview of the issues. In G. Libben & G. Jarema (Eds.), The representation and processing of compound words (pp. 1-22). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Libben, G., Derwing, B., & de Almeida, R. G. (1999). Ambiguous novel compounds and models of morphological parsing. Brain and Language, 68, 378-386.

Libben, G., Gibson, M., Yoon, Y. B., & Sandra, D. (2003). Compound fracture: The role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness. Brain and Language, 84, 50-64.

Longtin, C. M., Segui, J., & Hallé, P. A. (2003). Morphological priming without morphological relationship. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18(3), 313-334.

Longtin, C., & Meunier, F. (2005). Morphological decomposition in early visual word processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 26–41.

Lorenz, A., Heide, J., & Burchert, F. (2014). Compound naming in aphasia: Effects of complexity, part of speech, and semantic transparency. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29(1), 88-106.

Lüttmann, H., Zwitserlood, P., Böhl, A., & Bölte, J. (2011). Evidence for morphological composition at the form level in speech production. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(7), 818-836.

MacGregor, L. J., & Shtyrov, Y. (2013). Multiple routes for compound word processing in the brain: Evidence from EEG. Brain and Language, 126, 217-229.

Marchak, K. A. (2011). Availability of constituents’ semantic representations during the processing of opaque and transparent compound words. Unpublished MA Thesis. University of Alberta.

Marelli, M., Crepaldi, D., & Luzzatti, C. (2008). The processing of compound words in Italian: Evidence for an access to morphological constituents and a headedness effect. Retrieved from: http://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/38740/1/poster_bressanone.pdf

Marelli, M., Crepaldi, D., & Luzzatti, C. (2009). Head position and the mental representation of Italian nominal compounds. The Mental Lexicon, 4(3), 430-455.

Marelli, M., & Luzzatti, C. (2012). Frequency effects in the processing of Italian nominal compounds: Modulation of headedness and semantic transparency. Journal of Memory and Language, 66, 644-664.

Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Tyler, L. K., Waksler, R., & Older, L. (1994). Morphology and meaning in the English mental lexicon. Psychological Review, 101(1), 3-33.

Marslen-Wilson, W., Bozic, M., & Randall, B. (2008). Early decomposition in visual word recognition: Dissociating morphology, form and meaning. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(3), 394-421.

Mayila, Y. (2010). English compound word processing: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese-English bilinguals. Unpublished MA Dissertation. University of Kansas.

McCarthy, M. (1990). Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McCormick, S. F., Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2008). Is there a “fete” in “fetish”? Effects of orthographic opacity on morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(2), 307-326.

Meunier, F., & Longtin, C. M. (2007). Morphological decomposition and semantic integration in word processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(4), 457-471.

Morris, J., & Stockall, L. (2012). Early, equivalent ERP masked priming effects for regular and irregular morphology. Brain and Language, 123(2), 81-93.

Münte, T. F., Say, T., Clahsen, H., Schiltz, K., & Kutas, M. (1999). Decomposition of morphologically complex words in English: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research, 7, 241-253.

Neubauer, K., & Clahsen, H. (2009). Decomposition of inflected words in a second language: An experimental study of German participles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31(3), 403-435.

Niemi, J., Laine, M., & Tuominen, J. (1994). Cognitive morphology in Finnish: Foundations of a new model. Language and Cognitive Processes, 3, 423-446.

Niswander, E. (2003). The processing of English affixed words during reading: Frequency, word length and affixal homonymy. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Özer, S. (2010). Morphological priming in Turkish nominal compound processing. Unpublished MA Thesis. Middle East Technical University.

Pavičić Takač, V. (2008). Vocabulary learning strategies and foreign language acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

Plag, I. (2003). Word formation in English. London: Cambridge University Press.

Pollatsek, A., Hyönä, J., & Bertram, R. (2000). The role of morphological constituents in reading Finnish compound words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 820-833.

Pollatsek, A., & Hyönä, J. (2005). The role of semantic transparency in the processing of Finnish compound words. Language and Cognitive Process, 20(1-2), 261-290.

Pollatsek, A., Bertram, R., & Hyönä, J. (2011). Processing novel and lexicalized Finnish compound words. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(7), 795-810.

Portin, M., Lehtonen, M., & Laine, M. (2007). Processing of inflected nouns in late bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28, 135-156.

Rastle, K., Davis, M. H., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Tyler, L. K. (2000). Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition: A time-course study. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4-5), 507-537.

Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2003). Reading morphologically complex words. In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp. 279-301). New York: Psychology Press.

Rastle, K., Davis, M. H., & New, B. (2004). The broth in my brother’s brothel: morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(6), 1090-1098.

Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2008). Morphological decomposition based on the analysis of orthography. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(7-8), 942-971.

Rehak, K. M., & Juffs, A. (2011). Native and nonnative processing of morphologically complex English words: Testing the influence of derivational prefixes. In xxxx (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 2010 Second Language Research Forum (pp. 125-142). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.

Sakaguchi, K. (2006). Morphological processing of inflection in native speakers and second language learners of English: A masked priming study. Unpublished MA Thesis. University of Essex.

Sandra, D. (1990). On the representation and processing of compound words: Automatic access to constituent morphemes does not occur. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42A(3), 529-567.

Say, B., Zeyrek, D.,Oflazer, K., & Özge, U. (2002). Development of a corpus and a treebank for present-day written Turkish. In K. İmer & G. Doğan (Eds.), Current research in Turkish linguistics. Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Turkish linguistics (pp. 183-192). Northern Cyprus: Eastern Mediterranean University.

Scalise, S., & Fábregas, A. (2010). The head in compounding. In S. Scalise & I. Vogel (Eds.), Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding (109-126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Scalise, S., & Vogel, I. (2010). Why compounding? In S. Scalise & I. Vogel (Eds.), Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding (1-18). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Schmitt, N. (2008). Teaching Vocabulary. Longman Teacher Guidelines Series.

Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime. Reference Guide. Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh.

Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (1995). Modeling morphological processing. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 131-154). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schreuder, R., Burani, C., & Baayen, R. H. (2003). Parsing and semantic opacity. In E. Assink & D. Sandra (Eds.), Reading complex words: Neuropsychology and cognition (pp. 159-190). The Netherlands, Amsterdam: Kluwer.

Sepp, M. (2006). Phonological constraints and free variation in compounding: A corpus study of English and Estonian noun compounds. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. The City University of New York.

Sereno, J.A., & Jongman, A. (1997). Processing of English inflectional morphology. Memory and Cognition, 25, 425-437.

Shoolman, N., & Andrews, S. (2003). Racehorses, reindeer, and sparrows: using masked priming to investigate morphological influences on compound word identification. In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp. 241-278). NewYork: Psychology Press.

Silva, R. (2008). Morphological processing in a second language: Evidence from psycholinguistic experiments. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Essex.

Silva, R., & Clahsen, H. (2008). Morphologically complex words in L1 and L2 processing: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 245-260.

Sonnenstuhl, I., Eisenbeiss, S., & Clahsen, H. (1999). Morphological priming in the German mental lexicon. Cognition, 72, 203-236.

Stanners, R., Neiser, J., Hernon, W., & Hall, R. (1979). Memory representation for morphologically related words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 399-412.

Stathis, A. (2014). How partial transparency influences the processing of compound words? Unpublished MA Thesis. University of Windsor.

Stemberger, J.P., & MacWhinney, B. (1986). Frequency and the lexical storage of regularly inflected forms. Memory and Cognition, 14(1), 17-26.

Şenel, M. (2009). Kes-kopyala-yapıştır; Yeni kelime türet. Belleten, 2009-1, 99-109.

Taft, M. (1994). Interactive activation as a framework for understanding morphological processing. Language and Cognitive Processing, 9(1), 271-294.

Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1975). Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 14, 638-647.

Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1976). Lexical storage and retrieval of polymorphemic and polysyllabic words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 15, 607-620.

Taft, M., & Nguyen-Hoan, M. (2010). A sticky stick? The locus of morphological representation in the lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(2), 277-296.

Tahanien, Y. (2012). The awareness of the English word-formation mechanisms is a necessity to make an autonomous L2 learner in EFL context. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 3(6), 1105-1113.

Tat, D. (2013). Word syntax of nominal compounds: Internal and aphasiological evidence from Turkish. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona.

Trias, S. P. (2010). Complex word formation and the morphology-syntax interface. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.

Trofimovich, P., & McDonough, K. (2011). Using priming methods to study L2 learning and teaching. In P. Trofimovich & K. McDonough (Eds.), Applying priming methods to L2 learning, teaching and research: Insights from psycholinguistics (pp. 3-21). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., & Stark, H. A. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.

Ullman, M. T. (2001). The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 105-122.

Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92, 231-270.

Ullman, M. T. (2005). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: The declarative/procedural model. In C. Sanz (ed.), Mind and context in adult second language acquisition: Methods, theory and practice (pp. 141-178). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.

Uygun, S., & Gürel, A. (2016). Processing morphology in L2 Turkish: The effects of morphological richness in the L1. In A. Gürel (ed.), Second Language Acquisition of Turkish (pp. 249-277). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Vainio, S., Pajunen, A., & Hyönä, J. (2014). L1 and L2 word recognition in Finnish: Examining L1 effects on L2 processing of morphological complexity and morphophonological transparency. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 36, 133-162.

Vannest, J., & Boland, J. E. (1999). Lexical morphology and lexical access. Brain and Language, 68, 324-332.

Vannest, J., Bertram, R., Järvikivi, J., & Niemi, J. (2002). Counterintuitive cross-linguistic differences: More morphological computation in English than in Finnish. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 31(2), 83-106.

Vergara-Martínez, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., Laka, I., & Carreiras, M. (2009). ERP correlates of inhibitory and facilitative effects of constituent frequency in compound word reading. Brain Research, 1257, 53-64.

Wang, M. (2010). Bilingual compound processing: The effects of constituent frequency and semantic transparency. Writing Systems Research, 2(2), 117-137.

Wong, M., & Rotello, C. M. (2010). Conjunction errors and semantic transparency. Memory and Cognition, 38(1), 47-56.

Yükseker, H. (1987). Turkish nominal compounds. Toronto Working Papers on Linguistics, 7, 83-102.

Zwitserlood, P. (1994). The role of semantic transparency in the processing and representation of Dutch compounds. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9(3), 341-368.

Zwitserlood, P., Bölte, J., & Dohmes, P. (2000). Morphological effects on speech production: Evidence from picture naming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4-5), 563-591.

Zwitserlood, P., Bölte, J., & Dohmes, P. (2002). Where and how morphologically complex words interplay with naming pictures. Brain and Language, 81, 358-367.

Cover

Téléchargements

Publié

January 1, 2025

Informations sur cette monographie

ISBN-13 (15)

978-605-72285-6-7

Comment citer

Uygun, S. (2025). The Processing of Compounds in Adult Second Language Learners of English and Turkish. Artsurem Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18187010